Inflation has put the profitability of both Life and Non-Life insurers under strain. In light of the risk of sustained raised inflation, the Prudential Regulatory Authority (PRA) has urged insurers to factor in these effects and to determine their long-term impact. Given that inflation has the potential to impact businesses in different ways, this exercise is far from trivial.
How inflation affects insurance
The effects of inflation can be felt by insurers through a variety of channels that impact certain lines of business differently. For example, Life insurers might face a drop in sales or experience a higher termination rate, either via higher lapses or by increased non-renewal. This kind of ‘demand destruction’ typically starts slowly, but gains momentum once inflation persists.
To Non-Life insurers, the inflationary pressure is felt mostly in rising claim costs, being a ‘cost-driven’ phenomenon and the result of higher input prices for basic materials and labour. Especially for insurers that provide in-kind policies, this ‘claim inflation’ appears to have moved even faster than general CPI, causing additional concern.
Not surprising, therefore, is the announcement made by PRA to focus more on inflation’s long-term impact. As a prelude to this, the UK regulator has urged insurers to factor in all inflation effects and to come up with ways to manage them.
Managing inflation pressures
Depending on their business type/mix, insurers have limited options to alleviate inflation pressures, each with its own pros and cons. These include:
- Adjusting asset allocations
Typically, well-designed insurance portfolios tend to hold up relatively well under inflation scenarios. However, insurers could consider alternative investment strategies with increased exposure to real assets, or other investments that offer higher inflation protection. Nevertheless, the drawbacks of this strategy can be higher volatility or a larger mismatch in terms of duration and liability cash flows.
- Capping inflation risk in new products sold
Many Life products are still sold without upside restrictions. Especially for longer-dated contracts, like indexed annuities or universal whole life, the cumulative effect of inflation compensation could be high. Considering that these risks cannot always be fully priced in, insurers might wish to avoid these risks completely, for example, by introducing an indexation cap in new product terms.
- Differentiating premiums to claim conditions
For Non-Life insurers, the price renewal cycle is relatively short. This allows for much more flexibility in considering alternative pricing strategies. Insurers might want to base their pricing on different levels of inflation, e.g., distinguishing between general price increases versus core CPI. As products tied to the latter proved to be less susceptible to inflation volatility, these could be offered at a more attractive rate.
Managing the additional complexity
To determine the impact of inflation and to evaluate the possibilities of mitigating them, insurers need to consider the overall impact on their businesses, derived from a consistent risk modelling framework. What can make the evaluation particularly challenging, is the number of elements impacted by inflation: pricing, capital requirements, profitability and commercial aspects, which are interlinked but often at different cadences, requiring a holistic approach.
Scenario analysis forms a powerful approach to support decision-making in uncertain environments. Both deterministic as well as stochastic methods can combine inflation scenarios with strategic decision-making as a way to analyze the overall impact. As an example, it is possible to demonstrate the result of stochastic simulation for an insurer offering indexed annuities. The results are based on two different economic environments, i.e. a baseline and stagflation. All other factors are fixed.
Example 1: No inflation cap
To assess the overall impact of inflation, analysis could start from investigating the Life insurer’s capital ratio, here based on the RBC framework. By keeping all else fixed, but considering only a different economic environment, the above results suggest that a period of stagflation would be significantly harmful to capital.
Assume now that as a mitigating option, this insurer will put a capping system in place, limiting the indexation to a long-run historical average, one could compare the impact on a like-for-like basis.
Example 2: With indexation cap
It appears that by enabling the capping system, this insurer has – on an average basis - improved its ratio development, both in terms of its expected mean and in terms of volatility. The relative benefits are stronger under stagflation, where the capping system pays off more.
Off course mitigating options like this cannot be assessed in isolation. In fact, by changing the indexation terms there could be less demand for this product. By combining all relevant factors stepwise, investors can find out their true sensitivity to inflation and formulate an optimal strategic response.
The previous examples were produced by using Ortec Finance’s ALM platform GLASS. For more information, please visit our ALM for insurance companies page.
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